Example of 'pointer to const' and 'const pointer'

Continuing with the const correctness theme:

//Program tested on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 - Zahid Ghadialy
//Example of pointer to const and const pointer
#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
  //Lets look at const with pointers
  int a = 34;
  int b = 2009;

  int *const x = &a; //COMPULSARY: const object must be initialized
  cout<<"*x(1) = "<<*x<<endl;

  *x = 33;
  cout<<"*x(2) = "<<*x<<endl;

  //x = &b; - NOT POSSIBLE because x is const

  const int *y;
  y = &b;
  cout<<"*y(1) = "<<*y<<endl;

  //*y = 2004; - NOT POSSIBLE
  y = x; // POSSIBLE
  cout<<"*y(2) = "<<*y<<endl;

  int c = 23456;
  int const *z=&c;
  cout<<"*z(1) = "<<*z<<endl;
  //*z = 77777; - NOT POSSIBLE, same as *y case
  z = x; //POSSIBLE
  cout<<"*z(2) = "<<*z<<endl;

  //Now lets look const variables
  const int i = 1111;
  int const j = 4444;
  //i = 66; - NOT POSSIBLE
  //j = 77; - NOT POSSIBLE, exactly same as i
  //But we can manipulate i or j using pointers and const_cast
  int *k = const_cast<int *>(&i);
  cout<<"*k(1) = "<<*k<<endl;
  *k = 5678;
  cout<<"*k(2) = "<<*k<<endl;
  cout<<"i = "<<i<<endl; //Should be 5678 but output maybe 1111
         //Change i to const volatile int i = 1111; to get the desired result

  return 0;
}

The output is as follows:

It may be sometimes confusing to remember is the const is associated with the pointer or the variable. A simpler way to remember is that const is applied to whatever it is near. Another thing is that You have to read pointer declarations right-to-left. So:

• const Fred* p means "p points to a Fred that is const" — that is, the Fred object can't be changed via p.
• Fred* const p means "p is a const pointer to a Fred" — that is, you can change the Fred object via p, but you can't change the pointer p itself.
• const Fred* const p means "p is a const pointer to a const Fred" — that is, you can't change the pointer p itself, nor can you change the Fred object via p.