Wednesday 22 December 2010

String Shift and Print

After my last blog post, someone pointed out a similar problem here. The problem goes:

Write a program that generates from the string "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{" the following:
a
bcb
cdedc
defgfed
efghihgfe
fghijkjihgf
ghijklmlkjihg
hijklmnonmlkjih
ijklmnopqponmlkji
jklmnopqrsrqponmlkj
klmnopqrstutsrqponmlk
lmnopqrstuvwvutsrqponml
mnopqrstuvwxyxwvutsrqponm
nopqrstuvwxyz{zyxwvutsrqpon

Well there is no time limit this time and we dont even need to use google. I think this is slightly trickier than the last one.

Here is my solution:



//Program tested on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 - Zahid Ghadialy

#include<iostream>
#include<string>

using namespace
std;

int
main()
{

string str = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{";
unsigned
strlen = str.length();
string tempStr;
int
loop = 0;
while
(tempStr.length() < strlen)
{

int
start1 = loop;
int
count1 = loop + 1;
tempStr = str.substr(start1,count1);

count1--;
for
(; count1 > 0; count1--)
tempStr.append(str.substr(start1+count1-1, 1));

cout<<tempStr;
cout<<endl;
loop++;
}

return
0;
}




Wednesday 15 December 2010

ASCII Print

Few weeks back, someone I know got asked the following question in an interview:

Write a C++ program in 15 minutes to print the following in the output:
a
bcb
cdedc
defgfed
efghihgfe
fghijkjihgf
ghijklmlkjihg
hijklmnonmlkjih
ijklmnopqponmlkji
jklmnopqrsrqponmlkj
klmnopqrstutsrqponmlk
lmnopqrstuvwvutsrqponml
mnopqrstuvwxyxwvutsrqponm
nopqrstuvwxyz{zyxwvutsrqpon

You can do search on the web for any information but all your searches would be logged and used to assess your answer.

Well my obvious guess would be to take help of ASCII table. My only search was for Ascii table in google. I did try and make it in less than 15 mins. My solution is below but do try it on your own before looking at my solution.


//Program tested on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 - Zahid Ghadialy
#include<iostream>
#include<string>

using namespace
std;

int
main()
{

char
c=(char)97; //'a' in ASCII
char loop = 0;
while
(c <= 'n')
{

char
x = 0;
for
(; x <=loop; x++)
{

cout<<char(c+x);
}

for
(char y = 1; y < x; y++)
{

cout<<char(c+x-y-1);
}

cout<<endl;
c++;
loop++;
}


return
0;
}



Wednesday 8 December 2010

Difference between Deep copy and Shallow copy in C++

So what is the difference between 'Deep copy' (sometimes referred to as 'Hard copy') and 'Shallow copy' in C++

Shallow copy: Copies the member values from one object into another.

Deep Copy: Copies the member values from one object into another. Any pointer objects are duplicated and Deep Copied.

There are some interesting discussions on Stack Overflow here and here. A related discussions here is interesting as well.

Program to demonstrate as follows:


//Program tested on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 - Zahid Ghadialy
#include<iostream>
#include<string>

using namespace
std;

class
MyString
{

public
:
MyString(){}
MyString(string str)
{

size = str.size();
data = new char(size+1); //+1 for '\0'
memcpy(data, str.c_str(), size+1);
}

//MyString(const MyString& copy); - Use default for Shallow
void DeepCopy(const MyString& copy) //Deep Copy
{
size = copy.size;
data = new char(size+1); //+1 for '\0'
memcpy(data, copy.data, size+1);
}

int
size;
char
* data;
};


int
main()
{

MyString m1("Zahid");
cout<<"\nm1.size = "<<m1.size<<", &m1.data = "<<(void *)m1.data<<", *m1.data = "<<m1.data<<endl;

MyString m2(m1); //Uses the default copy constructor - Shallow Copy
cout<<"\nm2.size = "<<m2.size<<", &m2.data = "<<(void *)m2.data<<", *m2.data = "<<m2.data<<endl;

MyString m3; //Another default constructor
m3.DeepCopy(m1);
cout<<"\nm3.size = "<<m3.size<<", &m3.data = "<<(void *)m3.data<<", *m3.data = "<<m3.data<<endl;

return
0;
}


Output as follows:


Wednesday 1 December 2010

Difference between 'new', 'new operator' and 'operator new' in C++

A question asked in a forum said:

Why does void* p = new (1024); gives me a compilation error while void* p = operator new (1024); works. What is the difference between new and "operator new"?

Lets go back to the beginning. Once upon a time there was this C language that used 'malloc' to allocate memory. Then when C++ came, a new way was defined of allocating memory by the use of 'new'. Its supposed to be much safter and better way but some software gurus may differ. Memory for 'new' is allocated from 'Free Store' and memory by 'malloc' is generated from 'heap'. The 'heap' and 'Free Store' may be the same area and is a compiler implementation detail.

The syntax for 'operator new' is:
void* new (std::size_t size);

All it does is allocate a memory of size specified

On the other hand, 'new' does 2 things:
1. It calls 'operator new'
2. It calls constructor for the type of object

In the above case since 1024 is not a type, it will fail in calling its constructor.

'new' is also referred to as 'keyword new' or 'new operator' to cause more confusion :)

Here is a small example to play with 'operator new' after the example you will realise that regardless of what is passed, it always allocates a 4 byte memory.



//Program tested on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 - Zahid Ghadialy
#include<iostream>

using namespace
std;

int
main()
{

//void* p = new (1024);

void
* p = operator new (1024);

//Lets test if we can do anything with the memory
cout<<"p = "<<p<<endl;
cout<<"sizeof(p) = "<<sizeof(p)<<endl;
int
*x = static_cast<int *>(p);
cout<<"*x before = "<<*x<<endl;
*
x = 23456;
cout<<"*x after = "<<*x<<endl;

void
* q = operator new (0);
cout<<"\nq = "<<q<<endl;
cout<<"sizeof(q) = "<<sizeof(q)<<endl;
x = static_cast<int *>(q);
cout<<"*x before = "<<*x<<endl;
*
x = 65432;
cout<<"*x after = "<<*x<<endl;

void
* z = operator new ('a');
cout<<"\nz = "<<z<<endl;
cout<<"sizeof(z) = "<<sizeof(z)<<endl;
x = static_cast<int *>(z);
cout<<"*x before = "<<*x<<endl;
*
x = 11111;
cout<<"*x after = "<<*x<<endl;

return
0;
}


The output is as follows:


My knowledge in this area is quite limited so please feel free to improve on my explanation or correct it.

Wednesday 24 November 2010

C++ example of State Design Pattern


The State pattern allows an object to change its behavior when its internal state changes. This pattern can be observed in a vending machine. Vending machines have states based on the inventory, amount of currency deposited, the ability to make change, the item selected, etc. When currency is deposited and a selection is made, a vending machine will either deliver a product and no change, deliver a product and change, deliver no product due to insufficient currency on deposit, or deliver no product due to inventory depletion.

The frequency of use of State Pattern is Medium but is very useful and frequently used Telecoms Protocols implementation.

Example as follows:


//Program tested on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 - Zahid Ghadialy
//State is part of Behavioral Patterns
//Behavioral Patterns deal with dynamic interactions among societies of classes and objects
//State allows an object to alter its behavior when its internal state changes.
// The object will appear to change its class

//We will take an example Bank card where depending on the deposit the customers status changes


#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include "main.h"


Account* State::GetAccount(void)
{

return
account_;
}

void
State::SetAccount(Account* account)
{

account_ = account;
}


double
State::GetBalance(void)
{

return
balance_;
}


void
State::SetBalance(double balance)
{

balance_ = balance;
}


string State::GetStateName(void)
{

return
stateName_;
}


RedState::RedState(State* state)
{

this
->balance_ = state->GetBalance();
this
->account_ = state->GetAccount();
Initialise();
}


void
RedState::Deposit(double amount)
{

balance_ += amount;
StateChangeCheck();
}


void
RedState::Withdraw(double amount)
{

double
newAmount = amount + serviceFee_;
if
(balance_ - newAmount < lowerLimit_)
cout<<"No funds available for withdrawal!"<<endl;
else

balance_ -= newAmount;
}


void
RedState::PayInterest()
{

//No interest is paid
}

void
RedState::StateChangeCheck()
{

if
(balance_ > upperLimit_)
{

account_->SetState(reinterpret_cast<State*>(new SilverState(this)));
delete this
;
return
;
}
}


void
RedState::Initialise()
{

stateName_ = "Red";
//Should come from a data source
interest_ = 0.0;
lowerLimit_ = -100.0;
upperLimit_ = 0.0;
serviceFee_ = 15.0;
}


SilverState::SilverState(State* state)
{

this
->balance_ = state->GetBalance();
this
->account_ = state->GetAccount();
Initialise();
}


SilverState::SilverState(double balance, Account* account)
{

this
->balance_ = balance;
this
->account_ = account;
Initialise();
}


void
SilverState::Deposit(double amount)
{

balance_ += amount;
StateChangeCheck();
}


void
SilverState::Withdraw(double amount)
{

balance_ -= amount;
StateChangeCheck();
}


void
SilverState::PayInterest()
{

balance_ = balance_ * interest_;
StateChangeCheck();
}


void
SilverState::StateChangeCheck()
{

if
(balance_ < lowerLimit_)
{

account_->SetState(reinterpret_cast<State*>(new RedState(this)));
delete this
;
return
;
}

else if
(balance_ > upperLimit_)
{

account_->SetState(reinterpret_cast<State*>(new GoldState(this)));
delete this
;
return
;
}
}


void
SilverState::Initialise()
{

stateName_ = "Silver";
//Should come from a data source
interest_ = 1.0;
lowerLimit_ = 0.0;
upperLimit_ = 1000.0;
}


GoldState::GoldState(State* state)
{

this
->balance_ = state->GetBalance();
this
->account_ = state->GetAccount();
Initialise();
}


void
GoldState::Deposit(double amount)
{

balance_ += amount;
StateChangeCheck();
}


void
GoldState::Withdraw(double amount)
{

balance_ -= amount;
StateChangeCheck();
}


void
GoldState::PayInterest()
{

balance_ = balance_ * interest_;
StateChangeCheck();
}


void
GoldState::StateChangeCheck()
{

if
(balance_ < 0.0)
{

account_->SetState(reinterpret_cast<State*>(new RedState(this)));
delete this
;
return
;
}

else if
(balance_ < lowerLimit_)
{

account_->SetState(reinterpret_cast<State*>(new SilverState(this)));
delete this
;
return
;
}

else if
(balance_ > upperLimit_)
{

cout<<"Your account is too big now. Please consider using Swiss banks"<<endl;
}
}


void
GoldState::Initialise()
{

stateName_ = "Gold";
//Should come from a data source
interest_ = 5.0;
lowerLimit_ = 1000.0;
upperLimit_ = 10000000.0;
}


Account::Account(string owner):owner_(owner)
{

state_ = reinterpret_cast<State*>(new SilverState(0.0, this)); //default
}

Account::~Account()
{

delete
state_;
}


double
Account::GetBalance(void)
{

return
state_->GetBalance();
}


void
Account::Deposit(double amount)
{

state_->Deposit(amount);
cout<<"Deposited $"<<amount<<endl;
cout<<"Balance $"<<GetBalance()<<endl;
cout<<"Status "<<state_->GetStateName()<<endl;
cout<<"\n";
}


void
Account::Withdraw(double amount)
{

state_->Withdraw(amount);
cout<<"Withdrew $"<<amount<<endl;
cout<<"Balance $"<<GetBalance()<<endl;
cout<<"Status "<<state_->GetStateName()<<endl;
cout<<"\n";
}


void
Account::PayInterest()
{

state_->PayInterest();
cout<<"Interest Paid --------"<<endl;
cout<<"Balance $"<<GetBalance()<<endl;
cout<<"Status "<<state_->GetStateName()<<endl;
cout<<"\n";
}


void
Account::SetState(State* state)
{

state_ = state;
}


State* Account::GetState(void)
{

return
state_;
}



//The Main method
int main()
{

Account* account = new Account("Dr. Who");
account->Withdraw(10.00);
account->Withdraw(30.00);
account->Withdraw(70.00);
account->Deposit(234.00);
account->Deposit(5000.00);
account->Withdraw(5200.00);
account->Deposit(1500.00);
account->Deposit(1.00);
account->Withdraw(1200.00);

delete
account;

return
0;
}


EDIT: main.h (added at a later date than the post)





using namespace
std;

//Forward Declaration
class Account;

// The 'State' abstract class
class State
{

public
:
Account* GetAccount(void);
void
SetAccount(Account* account);
double
GetBalance(void);
void
SetBalance(double balance);
string GetStateName(void);
virtual
void Deposit(double amount)=0;
virtual
void Withdraw(double amount)=0;
virtual
void PayInterest(void) = 0;
protected
:
Account* account_;
double
balance_;
double
interest_;
double
lowerLimit_;
double
upperLimit_;
string stateName_;;
};


// A 'ConcreteState' class
// Red indicates that account is overdrawn
class RedState : State
{

public
:
RedState(State* state);
void
Deposit(double amount);
void
Withdraw(double amount);
void
PayInterest();
void
StateChangeCheck();

private
:

RedState(); //Not allowed
void Initialise();
double
serviceFee_;
};


// A 'ConcreteState' class
// Silver indicates less interest bearing state
class SilverState : State
{

public
:
SilverState(State* state);
SilverState(double balance, Account* account);
void
Deposit(double amount);
void
Withdraw(double amount);
void
PayInterest();
void
StateChangeCheck();

private
:
SilverState(); //Not allowed
void Initialise();
};


// A 'ConcreteState' class
// Gold indicates high interest bearing state
class GoldState : State
{

public
:
GoldState(State* state);
void
Deposit(double amount);
void
Withdraw(double amount);
void
PayInterest();
void
StateChangeCheck();

private
:
GoldState(); //Not allowed
void Initialise();
};



// The 'Context' class - defined here as its used for forward declaration
class Account
{

public
:
Account(string owner);
~
Account();
double
GetBalance(void);
void
Deposit(double amount);
void
Withdraw(double amount);
void
PayInterest();
void
SetState(State* state);
State* GetState(void);
private
:
State* state_;
string owner_;
Account();
};




The output is as follows:

Further reading:

http://www.dofactory.com/Patterns/PatternState.aspx




Wednesday 17 November 2010

C++ example of Observer Design Pattern

Definition: Define a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically.

Observers register themselves with the Subject as they are created. Whenever the Subject changes, it broadcasts to all registered Observers that it has changed.


The Observer defines a one-to-many relationship so that when one object changes state, the others are notified and updated automatically. Some auctions demonstrate this pattern. Each bidder possesses a numbered paddle that is used to indicate a bid. The auctioneer starts the bidding, and “observes” when a paddle is raised to accept the bid. The acceptance of the bid changes the bid price which is broadcast to all of the bidders in the form of a new bid.

Observer is a very popular pattern and its frequency of use is very high.

The following is an example of Observer Design Pattern:




//Program tested on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 - Zahid Ghadialy
//Observer is part of Behavioral Patterns
//Behavioral Patterns deal with dynamic interactions among societies of classes and objects
//An Observer is a way of notifying change to a number of classes.

//We will take an example of Stock Price where, Observers can register to be told about
//the stock price change of a company

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<list>

using namespace
std;


//Forward Declaration
class Stock;

// The 'Observer' interface
class IInvestor
{

public
:
virtual
void Update(Stock* stock){};
};


// The 'Subject' abstract class
class Stock
{

public
:
Stock(string symbol, double price) : symbol_(symbol), price_(price) { }
void
Attach(IInvestor* investor)
{

investors_.push_back(investor);
}

void
Detach(IInvestor* investor)
{

investors_.remove(investor);
}

void
Notify()
{

list<IInvestor*>::iterator it = investors_.begin();
while
(it != investors_.end())
{
(*
it)->Update(this);
++
it;
}
}

double
GetPrice(void)
{

return
price_;
}

void
SetPrice(double price)
{

price_ = price;
Notify();
}

string GetSymbol(void)
{

return
symbol_;
}


private
:
string symbol_;
double
price_;
list<IInvestor*> investors_;

Stock();
};


// The 'ConcreteSubject' class
class Company : public Stock
{

public
:
Company(string name, string symbol, double price) : name_(name), Stock(symbol, price) {}
string GetName(void)
{

return
name_;
}

private
:
string name_;
};


// The 'ConcreteObserver' class
class Investor : public IInvestor
{

public
:
Investor(string name) : name_(name){}
void
Update(Stock* stock)
{

cout<<"Notified "<<name_<<" about "<<(reinterpret_cast<Company*>(stock))->GetName() \
<<
" change to "<<stock->GetSymbol()<<stock->GetPrice()<<endl;
}

private
:
string name_;
Investor();
};


//The Main method
int main()
{

Company* c1 = new Company("Google", "$", 123.0);
cout<<"Created company Google with Stock Price 123.0\n"<<endl;

Investor* i1 = new Investor("Billy");
c1->Attach(i1);
cout<<"Created investor Billy following Google\n"<<endl;

c1->SetPrice(125.0);

Investor* i2 = new Investor("Timmy");
c1->Attach(i2);
Investor* i3 = new Investor("Lenny");
c1->Attach(i3);
cout<<"\nCreated investor Timmy and Lenny following Google\n"<<endl;

c1->SetPrice(145.0);

c1->Detach(i1);
c1->Detach(i3);
cout<<"\nInvestor Billy and Lenny not interested in Google anymore\n"<<endl;

c1->SetPrice(165.0);

delete
i1;
delete
i2;
delete
i3;
delete
c1;

return
0;
}



The output is as follows:
Further Reading:




Wednesday 10 November 2010

Number of bits to represent an arbitrary positive number X

Simple program to find the number of bits required to represent a positive number.



//This program is to find out the number of bits required to represent a positive integer
//Program tested on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 - Zahid Ghadialy

#include<iostream>
#include <cmath>

using namespace
std;

unsigned int
TraditionalApproach(const unsigned int& num)
{

if
(num)
{

return
(int)floor(log((double)num)/log(2.0) + 1.0);
}

return
1;
}


unsigned int
SimplifiedApproach(const unsigned int& num)
{

if
(num)
{

unsigned int
tempNum = num;
unsigned int
numOfBits = 0;
while
(tempNum)
{

numOfBits++;
tempNum >>= 1;
}

return
numOfBits;
}

return
1;
}



int
main()
{

//Finding number of bits the traditional way
cout<<"\n** Traditional Approach **\n";
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 0 = "<<TraditionalApproach(0)<<endl;
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 1 = "<<TraditionalApproach(1)<<endl;
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 15 = "<<TraditionalApproach(15)<<endl;
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 16 = "<<TraditionalApproach(16)<<endl;
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 75 = "<<TraditionalApproach(75)<<endl;
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 125 = "<<TraditionalApproach(125)<<endl;
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 130 = "<<TraditionalApproach(130)<<endl;

cout<<"\n** Simplified Approach **\n";
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 0 = "<<SimplifiedApproach(0)<<endl;
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 1 = "<<SimplifiedApproach(1)<<endl;
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 15 = "<<SimplifiedApproach(15)<<endl;
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 16 = "<<SimplifiedApproach(16)<<endl;
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 75 = "<<SimplifiedApproach(75)<<endl;
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 125 = "<<SimplifiedApproach(125)<<endl;
cout<<"The number of bits required to represent 130 = "<<SimplifiedApproach(130)<<endl;

return
0;
}



The output is as follows:

Wednesday 3 November 2010

Memory Management with 'new'

Sometimes it is useful to take memory management in our control to make sure we have the right amount of memory already reserved in advance. This could be to speed up memory allocation/deallocation or for debugging purpose where contiguous memory allocation can speed up debugging or for variety of reasons.

The following example shows one way in which memory can be reserved in a chunk for the program.



//Program tested on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 - Zahid Ghadialy
#include<iostream>

using namespace
std;

class
Class
{

public
:
int
x;
char
y;
bool
z;
};


int
main()
{

unsigned char
tempBuf[100];
cout<<"Pointer for tempBuf = " << &tempBuf << endl;

Class* c = new (tempBuf) Class;
cout<<"Pointer for c = " << c << endl;

return
0;
}




The output is as follows:

Wednesday 27 October 2010

'new operator' throw and nothrow

I used to always think and while coding take care that to check if memory allocation is successful, we need to check if the returned pointer is not NULL. Well, in MSVC8 this may not necessarily be true. Depending on the library you include (see here) you may end up with either a throw or a NULL. The partial good news is that you can in future write your code to not throw memory alloc failure. See example:



//Program tested on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 - Zahid Ghadialy
#include<iostream>

using namespace
std;

int
main()
{

try

{

char
* p = new char[0x7fffffff];
if
(!p)
{

cout<<"Memory allocation for q failed. NULL returned."<<endl;
}
}

catch
(...)
{

cout<<"Exception caught by ..."<<endl;
}


char
* q = new (std::nothrow) char[0x7fffffff];
if
(!q)
{

cout<<"Memory allocation for q failed. NULL returned."<<endl;
}


return
0;
}




The output is as follows:

Wednesday 20 October 2010

Memory Allocation for char*

One common problem that I have noticed is that people copy char* pointers thinking that the pointers will be valid when used but this is rarely the case. See the example below.


//Program tested on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 - Zahid Ghadialy
//Example demonstrates allocation of memory for char*
#include<iostream>

using namespace
std;

typedef struct
{
char
const * name;
}
TypeInfo;

TypeInfo* MakeType(const char *typeName)
{

TypeInfo* newNamedTypeInfo = new TypeInfo;

char
* newTypeName = new char[strlen(typeName) + 1];
strcpy(newTypeName, typeName);
newNamedTypeInfo->name = newTypeName;

return
newNamedTypeInfo;
}


int
main()
{

TypeInfo* testType = MakeType("Apple Banana");
cout << "testType->name = " << testType->name << endl;

return
0;
}





Please suggest any improvements.

The output is as follows:
Note that there is a memory leak in the program if you can spot it and fix it then you are already half way through :)

Wednesday 13 October 2010

C++ example of Proxy Design Pattern

The Proxy pattern is used when you need to represent a complex object by a simpler one. If creating an object is expensive in time or computer resources, Proxy allows you to postpone this creation until you need the actual object. A Proxy usually has the same methods as the object it represents, and once the object is loaded, it passes on the method calls from the Proxy to the actual object.

There are several cases where a Proxy can be useful:

1. If an object, such as a large image, takes a long time to load.
2. If the object is on a remote machine and loading it over the network may be slow, especially during peak network load periods.
3. If the object has limited access rights, the proxy can validate the access permissions for that user.

Proxies can also be used to distinguish between requesting an instance of an object and the actual need to access it. For example, program initialization may set up a number of objects which may not all be used right away. In that case, the proxy can load the real object only when it is needed.


The Proxy provides a surrogate or place holder to provide access to an object. A check or bank draft is a proxy for funds in an account. A check can be used in place of cash for making purchases and ultimately controls access to cash in the issuer’s account.



The frequency of use of Proxy is medium high

Lets look at the example below. Note that the actual Math class is created in the MathProxy when math operations need to be performed.



//Program tested on Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 - Zahid Ghadialy
//Proxy is part of Structural Patterns
//Structural Patterns deal with decoupling the interface and implementation of classes and objects
//A Proxy provides a surrogate or placeholder for another object to control access to it.

//The example we consider here a math class
//The proxy provides an interface but the real class is only initiated when it is used

#include<iostream>
#include<string>

using namespace
std;


// The 'Subject interface
class IMath
{

public
:
virtual
double Add(double x, double y) = 0;
virtual
double Sub(double x, double y) = 0;
virtual
double Mul(double x, double y) = 0;
virtual
double Div(double x, double y) = 0;
};


// The 'RealSubject' class
class Math : public IMath
{

public
:
double
Add(double x, double y)
{

return
x + y;
}

double
Sub(double x, double y)
{

return
x - y;
}

double
Mul(double x, double y)
{

return
x * y;
}

double
Div(double x, double y)
{

return
x / y;
}
};


// The 'Proxy Object' class
class MathProxy : public IMath
{

public
:
MathProxy()
{

math_ = NULL;
}

virtual
~MathProxy()
{

if
(math_)
delete
math_;
}

double
Add(double x, double y)
{

return
getMathInstance()->Add(x, y);
}

double
Sub(double x, double y)
{

return
getMathInstance()->Sub(x, y);
}

double
Mul(double x, double y)
{

return
getMathInstance()->Mul(x, y);
}

double
Div(double x, double y)
{

return
getMathInstance()->Div(x, y);
}

private
:
Math* math_;
Math* getMathInstance(void)
{

if
(!math_)
math_ = new Math();
return
math_;
}
};


//The Main method
int main()
{

// Create math proxy
MathProxy proxy;

//Do the math
cout<<"4 + 2 = "<<proxy.Add(4, 2)<<endl;
cout<<"4 - 2 = "<<proxy.Sub(4, 2)<<endl;
cout<<"4 * 2 = "<<proxy.Mul(4, 2)<<endl;
cout<<"4 / 2 = "<<proxy.Div(4, 2)<<endl;

return
0;
}



The output is as follows:



For more information see:

http://sourcemaking.com/design_patterns/proxy

http://www.patterndepot.com/put/8/proxy.pdf

http://www.dofactory.com/Patterns/PatternProxy.aspx